Act 4, Scene 3 Summary
Julius Caesar: Act 4, Scene 3
Summary
In Act 4, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar, the tension between Brutus and Cassius reaches a boiling point. This scene is known as the ‘quarrel scene’.
The scene opens with Cassius confronting Brutus, accusing him of wronging him by condemning Lucius Pella for taking bribes from the Sardians. Cassius reveals that he had written letters in support of Pella, which Brutus disregarded. This sets the stage for a heated exchange where personal grievances intertwine with their broader political ideals.
Then Brutus reprimands Cassius for defending Lucius Pella, who has been accused of taking bribes. By saying that Cassius has "wrong'd yourself," Brutus implies that Cassius has compromised his own integrity by supporting someone involved in corrupt practices.
Cassius counters by arguing that in the current tumultuous times, it is inappropriate to focus on minor offences. He suggests that they should not get bogged down by every small wrongdoing. He wants a more pragmatic approach to their current political situation.
Brutus accuses Cassius of being greedy, implying that he is willing to sell public offices for money. The phrase "itching palm" suggests a desire for wealth and corruption.
Then Cassius reacts with indignation to Brutus's accusation of corruption. Brutus goes on to argues that Cassius’s reputation is tarnished by the very corruption he is accused of. Brutus goes on to deliver a long monologue that reminds Cassius of what had happened and where they are in this civil unrest.
He invokes the memory of Caesar’s assassination to remind Cassius of their original purpose: to rid Rome of tyranny and corruption. He questions how they can justify their actions against Caesar if they now engage in similar corrupt practices themselves. Brutus emphasises that every conspirator who stabbed Caesar did so out of a desire for justice.
Brutus expresses disbelief at the idea that they would betray their noble cause by becoming corrupt themselves. Then through a powerful metaphor, Brutus declares that he would prefer to be a ‘lowly dog’ than to compromise his honour by engaging in corrupt practices. This line encapsulates his idealism and commitment to integrity over personal gain.
In this series of accusations, Cassius firmly declares that he will not accept Brutus's criticisms. He highlights his experience as a soldier, asserting that he is older and more qualified than Brutus to make strategic decisions. However, Brutus rejects this assertion, maintaining that Cassius is not as capable as he thinks. In response, Cassius reiterates his abilities and cautions Brutus against provoking him, hinting that he may lose his temper if pushed too far. Brutus, filled with contempt, refers to Cassius as a ‘slight man,’ reflecting his disdain for Cassius's demeanour and perceived weakness. This confrontation reveals the emotional strain between the two leaders.
In this continued exchange of words, Brutus confronts Cassius about his anger, questioning whether he should allow Cassius's "rash choler" (hasty and fiery temper) to dictate their interactions. He expresses frustration at the idea of being intimidated by someone acting irrationally. Cassius echoes Brutus's exclamation to the gods, indicating his disbelief at the situation.
Brutus continues, asserting that Cassius's pride is causing him distress and that he should show his anger to those beneath him rather than to Brutus— “you shall digest the venom of your spleen”. He refuses to submit to Cassius's temper and declares that he will find amusement in Cassius's bad mood moving forward— “I’ll use you for my mirth”.
Cassius, taken aback, asks if their relationship has deteriorated to this point. Brutus challenges Cassius's claim of being a superior soldier, urging him to prove it through action rather than words. In turn, Cassius defends himself, clarifying that he described himself as an "older soldier," not necessarily a better one. He also tells Brutus that he has offended him in every way— “you wronged me every way”.
Now the tension between Brutus and Cassius escalates. Brutus expresses indifference to Cassius's grievances, stating, "If you did, I care not." Cassius challenges Brutus by recalling that he would not have dared to provoke him when Caesar was alive, suggesting that Brutus is out of line. Brutus counters with the assertion, "you durst not so have tempted him," emphasising that Cassius lacked the courage to confront Caesar.
Cassius questions this claim, repeating "durst not?" and expressing disbelief at being accused of cowardice. Brutus firmly reiterates, "For your life you durst not," reinforcing his point. In response, Cassius warns Brutus not to take his love for granted, implying that he might act in a way he would later regret. The repeated use of "durst not" underscores the themes of courage and loyalty in their strained relationship.
Cassius warns Brutus not to take his affection for granted. Brutus counters by stating that Cassius has already acted inappropriately. He asserts that he is not afraid of Cassius's threats because he is fortified by his own integrity. He compares Cassius's threats to "idle wind," emphasising that they hold no weight or significance for him. Brutus reveals that he requested financial support from Cassius for his troops but was denied. He expresses a strong preference for sacrificing his own life over obtaining money through dishonourable means— “For I can raise no money by vile means.”. Brutus questions whether it was fitting for Cassius to refuse his request for gold, implying that such an action is uncharacteristic of a loyal friend.
Brutus reflects on whether he should have responded differently to Cassius's denial. He expresses outrage at the idea of being greedy or withholding support from friends. The dramatic imagery of gods striking him down underscores the seriousness of his feelings about honour and loyalty.
In response, Cassius defends himself by denying the accusation of refusal. Cassius expresses his hurt feelings, claiming, "Brutus hath riv'd my heart," and argues that a true friend should accept each other's flaws. He feels that Brutus amplifies his shortcomings rather than supporting him.
Brutus counters by saying he cannot overlook Cassius's faults until they are directed at him, asserting, "I do not like your faults." Cassius accuses Brutus of not loving him, to which Brutus replies that a "flatterer's" perspective might ignore such faults, even if they are as significant as "high Olympus." This exchange highlights the tension between friendship and honesty.
Cassius expresses his despair, calling for Antony and Octavius to take revenge on him, stating, "For Cassius is aweary of the world." He feels betrayed by Brutus, lamenting that he is "hated by one he loves" and feels scrutinised like a "bondman," with all his faults noted and used against him. Cassius reveals his emotional turmoil, saying he could weep and dramatically offers his dagger and naked breast, declaring that his heart is "dearer than Pluto's mine" and "richer than gold." He challenges Brutus to strike him, suggesting that even when Brutus hated Caesar, he loved him more than he loves Cassius.
Brutus responds by telling Cassius to "sheathe your dagger," indicating that he does not want violence. He acknowledges that Cassius can be angry but insists that dishonour should not dictate their actions. Brutus compares Cassius to a lamb that carries anger like flint; when provoked, it shows a brief spark of anger but quickly cools down. This metaphor suggests that while Cassius may be quick to anger, he is ultimately not dangerous.
Cassius expresses his frustration, questioning whether he has lived only to be a source of "mirth and laughter" for Brutus while he himself is troubled by "grief and blood."
Brutus acknowledges his own ill temper, stating, "When I spoke that I was ill-temper'd too," indicating that he is not without faults. Cassius is surprised by this admission and asks for Brutus's hand, to which Brutus responds with, "And my heart too," signifying their bond.
Cassius then questions Brutus's love, asking if he can tolerate his forgetfulness caused by his "rash humour." Brutus reassures him that he does have enough love to endure it but humorously adds that when Cassius becomes too earnest, he will think of it as his mother chiding him and will step back.
Now the POET, LUCILIUS and TITINIUS enter.
The poet expresses a desire to enter and mediate between Cassius and Brutus, sensing that there is a "grudge" between them and believing it inappropriate for them to be alone together. Lucilius prevents the poet from entering. The poet insists that nothing will stop him from trying to intervene.
Then he is interrupted by Cassius, questioning what was happening there. The poet chastises both generals for their animosity, urging them to reconcile as friends— “Love and be friends, as two such men should be”.
Cassius mocks the poet's attempt at poetry, dismissing it as insincere. Brutus commands the poet to leave. Cassius suggests that they should tolerate the poet's behaviour because it is simply his style of speaking.
Brutus asserts that he will only engage with the poet when he understands when it is appropriate. He dismisses the poet as a distraction from their serious matters of war. Cassius also asks him to leave.
POET exits.
Brutus instructs Lucilius and Titinius to inform the commanders to prepare for an overnight stay. Cassius responds by asking Lucilius and Titinius to join them along with Messala right away. The two characters exit to carry out Brutus's orders, leaving Brutus and Cassius alone.
Brutus calls for Lucius to bring him a bowl of wine. Then Cassius expresses surprise at Brutus's anger. Brutus reveals that he is overwhelmed by multiple sorrows. Cassius criticizes Brutus for not applying his philosophical teachings to cope with his troubles. He implies that Brutus should not let unforeseen misfortunes affect him so deeply.
Brutus asserts that he handles grief well but then reveals the devastating news of Portia's death. Cassius reacts with shock and disbelief at the mention of Portia's name. Brutus confirms the tragic news. On hearing this news Cassius reflects on how he narrowly avoided conflict with Brutus earlier and expresses deep sorrow over Portia's death.
He asks what caused her demise. Brutus explains that Portia became distraught due to his absence and the news of Octavius and Antony’s growing power. He reveals that she lost her mind ("fell distract") and ultimately took her own life by swallowing fire. Portia committed suicide by swallowing coal. Cassius exclaims in despair, calling upon the gods in response to this heartbreaking news.
Lucius brings supplies to Brutus and Cassius. Brutus asks to stop discussing Portia and requests wine to help him forget his sorrows. He intends to put aside any past grievances with Cassius while drinking. Cassius expresses his eagerness to share in Brutus' gesture of reconciliation. Cassius asks Lucius to fill his cup, emphasizing his affection for Brutus. Lucius leaves after serving them.
TITINIUS and MESSALA joins.
Brutus greets them and suggests they gather around the candle to discuss important matters. Cassius reflects on Portia's absence but soon Brutus asks him to stop bringing up Portia. Brutus shares that he has received news about Octavius and Antony's military plans. The letters warn of an impending attack from their enemies.
Messala confirms he has received similar news. Brutus inquires if there are any new details in Messala's letters. Messala reports that many senators have been executed by their opponents. He mentions that his letters report seventy senators killed, including Cicero. Cassius expresses shock at Cicero's inclusion among the dead.
Messala informs Brutus that Cicero has been executed under the proscription orders. He inquires if Brutus has received any letters from Portia. Brutus replies that he has not received any communication from her. Messala asks if there’s any mention of Portia in Brutus' other letters. Brutus confirms that there is no mention of Portia at all. Messala finds it odd that there’s no news about Portia.
Brutus questions why Messala is asking and if he has heard anything about Portia in his own letters. Messala admits he has not received any news about her either. Brutus urges Messala to be honest with him, appealing to their shared Roman identity. Messala responds solemnly, stating that he must tell Brutus the truth: Portia is dead, and her death was unusual.
He reflects on mortality and states that contemplating death allows him to accept her passing more easily— “We must die, Messala”. Messala agrees that great men must endure significant losses with strength and resilience.
Cassius claims he possesses the same knowledge as Brutus regarding their situation, but he feels unable to handle it emotionally. Then Brutus shifts the focus back to their military plans and asks Cassius for his opinion on immediately marching to Philippi. Cassius expresses his disapproval of the idea, suggesting that it is not a wise decision. Brutus asks Cassius to explain his reasoning for opposing the march.
Cassius argues that it would be more advantageous for their enemies to come to them. This way, the enemy will exhaust their resources and troops while Brutus and Cassius can rest and prepare defensively. Brutus acknowledges that while Cassius' reasons are valid, they must yield to even stronger arguments. Brutus points out that the local population is only supporting them out of obligation and resentment rather than loyalty, which makes them unreliable allies. He warns that if the enemy marches through this territory, they will gain more soldiers from the public who may choose to join them— “The enemy increaseth everyday.”.
The enemy will arrive at Philippi reinvigorated and bolstered by new recruits. Brutus questions how they can effectively cut off this advantage if they confront the enemy at Philippi instead of preemptively attacking. He emphasises that having these potentially hostile locals behind them would put them at a disadvantage during battle.
Cassius agrees to proceed with Brutus's plan to meet the enemy at Philippi, despite their earlier disagreements. Brutus acknowledges the late hour and the need for rest, signalling that their discussion has come to an end. He bids goodnight to Cassius, Messala, and Titinius, asking Lucius for his gown as he prepares for bed. Cassius expresses concern over the tensions of the night, hoping for unity between them, while Brutus reassures him that everything is fine. The exchange concludes with mutual goodnights as they prepare for the challenges ahead.
Brutus notices that Lucius is tired and blames it on his lack of sleep, deciding to call Varro and Claudius to help. He instructs them to rest in his tent, indicating he may need them later for business regarding Cassius. Despite their willingness to stand guard, Brutus insists they lie down to rest, suggesting he might think of something else if they remain awake.
Brutus finds the book he was looking for in his gown pocket and acknowledges his forgetfulness to Lucius. He asks Lucius if he can stay awake a bit longer to play some music, to which Lucius agrees. Brutus expresses concern that he may be overburdening Lucius, but Lucius insists that it is his duty to serve. Brutus recognizes that young people need rest, but Lucius reassures him that he has already slept.
As music plays, Brutus reflects on its calming effect and expresses concern for Lucius, who appears to be falling asleep while playing. He decides not to wake him and checks his book to ensure he is ready to read. The atmosphere shifts dramatically with the entrance of Caesar's ghost, hinting at impending turmoil and conflict in Brutus's life.
Enter CAESAR’S GHOST
Ghost of Caesar appearing before Brutus. Brutus is startled and questions the nature of the apparition, wondering if it is a god, angel, or devil that is causing him fear.
The ghost identifies itself as Brutus's "evil spirit" and ominously informs him that he will see him again at Philippi, which implies a forthcoming confrontation. Brutus acknowledges this, showing a sense of resolve despite the ghost's foreboding presence.
After the ghost departs, Brutus calls for his attendants, Lucius, Varro, and Claudius, to wake them, reflecting his desire for reassurance and camaraderie in the face of his ominous encounter. They express confusion over Brutus's question about a cry they supposedly made in their sleep, indicating their unease. Brutus, undeterred, sends his greetings to Cassius and instructs his men to prepare for their impending battle at Philippi, revealing his determination to face whatever challenges lie ahead
Significance of this Scene
Act 4, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar takes place in Brutus's tent. The scene is marked by tension and conflict between Brutus and Cassius, two of the leading conspirators.
Key events in this scene include:
Argument and Reconciliation: Brutus and Cassius argue about their differing strategies and leadership styles. They become increasingly angry with each other, but eventually reconcile.
Portia's Death: Brutus reveals to Cassius that his wife, Portia, has committed suicide out of grief and despair over the events surrounding Caesar's assassination.
Military Strategy: Brutus and Cassius, along with their allies Titinius and Messala, discuss their military strategy for confronting Mark Antony and Octavian, who have joined forces against the conspirators.
This scene is significant because it highlights the internal struggles and divisions within the conspirators' camp, as well as the personal toll that their actions have taken on them and their loved ones.
Important Quotes
"How ill this taper burns! Ha! who comes here? I think it is the weakness of mine eyes That shapes this monstrous apparition." - Brutus
"Thy evil spirit, Brutus."- Ghost
"Why com'st thou?"- Brutus
"To tell thee thou shalt see me at Philippi."- Ghost
"Why did you so cry out, sirs, in your sleep?"- Brutus
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